Aberrations, contrast and resolution
Cataract surgery today extends far beyond routine extraction—it is evolving into precise optical vision modeling. This art requires not only experience and insight, but also an understanding of fundamental physical principles: aberrations, pupil aperture, contrast, and light refraction. Behind every successful visual outcome lies not just sound technique, but an informed choice—grounded in science, IOL behavior, and a personalized approach.
Aberrations, contrast and resolution
(Funded by Optiva; Bulgarian language)


Cataract surgery today extends far beyond routine extraction—it is evolving into precise optical vision modeling. This art requires not only experience and insight, but also an understanding of fundamental physical principles: aberrations, pupil aperture, contrast, and light refraction. Behind every successful visual outcome lies not just sound technique, but an informed choice—grounded in science, IOL behavior, and a personalized approach..
(Funded by Optiva; Bulgarian language)


Cataract surgery today extends far beyond routine extraction—it is evolving into precise optical vision modeling. This art requires not only experience and insight, but also an understanding of fundamental physical principles: aberrations, pupil aperture, contrast, and light refraction. Behind every successful visual outcome lies not just sound technique, but an informed choice—grounded in science, IOL behavior, and a personalized approach..
Guide to cataract surgery
We present to you the official guidelines for cataract surgery from the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ESCRS; 2024 edition). This document compiles the most current clinical standards, based on evidence, to assist eye surgeons in achieving optimal surgical outcomes and maximum safety for patients.
ESCRS Cataract Guidelines

We present to you the official guidelines for cataract surgery from the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ESCRS; 2024 edition). This document compiles the most current clinical standards, based on evidence, to assist eye surgeons in achieving optimal surgical outcomes and maximum safety for patients.
Guide to calculating intraocular lenses
We present to you the fundamental guide for intraocular lens calculations (IOL Calculations), composed by world-renowned authorities in refractive and cataract surgery such as Aramberri, Hoffer, Olsen, Savini, and Shammas. The document discusses modern formulas, biometric methods, and academic standards to achieve maximum refractive precision in IOL implantation.
Intraocular Lens Calculations

We present to you the fundamental guide for intraocular lens calculations (IOL Calculations), composed by world-renowned authorities in refractive and cataract surgery such as Aramberri, Hoffer, Olsen, Savini, and Shammas. The document discusses modern formulas, biometric methods, and academic standards to achieve maximum refractive precision in IOL implantation.